{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T05:09:14Z","timestamp":1792386554518,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115K427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115K427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research Intellect Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Engagement is essential for fostering learning and development in young children with disabilities, including those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used a non\u2010concurrent multiple\u2010baseline across participants design to examine the effects of embedded learning opportunities (ELOs) on engagement and learning in four preschool\u2010aged children diagnosed with ASD and ID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results showed a consistent increase in engagement for each child following the introduction of ELOs by teachers, with children generalising this engagement to other settings and sustaining high engagement levels during follow\u2010up. Additionally, enhanced engagement was linked with improvements in independent performance of target behaviours. Social validity data from teachers further supported the intervention's effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings highlight ELOs as a promising and individualised approach to enhancing engagement and learning outcomes for preschool children with dual diagnoses of ASD and ID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T09:00:05Z","timestamp":1749114005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Investigating the Impact of Embedded Learning Opportunities on the Engagement of Children With Autism and Intellectual Disability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7853-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salih","family":"Rakap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialized Education Services School of Education, University of North Carolina Greensboro  Greensboro North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Special Education, School of Education Ondokuz Mayis University  Samsun Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serife","family":"Balikci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialized Education Services School of Education, University of North Carolina Greensboro  Greensboro North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Carsamba District Directorate of National Education  Samsun Turkey"},{"name":"Piedmont Community College  Roxboro North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/etc.2018.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617\u2010023\u201000775\u20103"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"The Use of Video Self\u2010Modeling and Peer Training to Increase Social Engagement in Preschool Children on the Autism Spectrum","volume":"10","author":"Bellini S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"School Psychology Forum: Research in Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2007.12087953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105381510102400207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643\u2010017\u20100859\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891\u20104222(94)90016\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1992.25\u2010415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2019.1591046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885\u20102006(99)00028\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Division for Early Childhood.2014.\u201cDEC Recommended Practices in Early Intervention\/Early Childhood Special Education.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.dec\u2010sped.org\/recommendedpractices."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Foley N.2023.\u201cResearch Briefing: Staff to Child Ratios in Early Years Childcare.\u201dhttps:\/\/commonslibrary.parliament.uk\/research\u2010briefings\/cdp\u20102022\u20100195\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02711214040240030401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Gilliam Autism Rating Scale\u2010Third Edition (GARS\u20103)","author":"Gilliam J. E.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2022.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489\u2010019\u201000162\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643\u2010021\u201001272\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBE.0000044735.51022.5d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2019.09.09"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534508418820125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2009\/08-0026)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680009300704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/2326\u20106988\u20103.3.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440\u20101630.2009.00835.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/ajse.33.2.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13668250802088085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098300712437042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357614547892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109625060600900402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/027112149901900401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735\u20107028.16.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Teaching Infants and Preschoolers With Disabilities","author":"McWilliam R. A.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104854"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0308022616639989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944\u20107558\u2010121.6.501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2022.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_17"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Comparison of Antecedent Activities for Increasing Engagement in a Preschool Child With ASD During a Small Group Activity","volume":"54","author":"Pokorski E. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0198742918779793"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","unstructured":"Rakap S.2013.\u201cEngagement Behaviors of Young Children With Disabilities: Relationships With Preschool Teachers\u2019 Implementation of Embedded Instruction\u201d (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation University of Florida)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108578.12091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022487116685753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1350293X.2011.548946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2015.1109801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2023.101755"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882\u2010023\u201009932\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15566935eed1202_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","volume-title":"Motivating Human Service Staff: Supervisory Strategies for Maximizing Work Effort and Work Enjoyment","author":"Reid D. H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15566935eed1102_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","volume-title":"Stanford\u2010Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition","author":"Roid G. H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010006\u20100222\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6029837"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","volume-title":"The Abilities Index","author":"Simeonsson R. J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1053815115595461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","volume-title":"Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland\u20103)","author":"Sparrow S.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106342669500300206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02711214050250020501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2898"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005\u20107916(81)90055\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2011.628270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271121414565911"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jar.70073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T23:45:39Z","timestamp":1750895139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jar.70073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jar.70073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jar.70073","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2322","1468-3148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2322","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70073"}}