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McDonnell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37717\/2022\u20103711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37717\/2022\u20103711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research Intellect Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Down syndrome (DS) is associated with intellectual disability, with particular difficulties in expressive language and gross motor abilities, and relative strengths in receptive language. Here, we examine how this profile arises over the first five years of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 104 children with DS (6\u201363 months) participated in a standardised developmental assessment (Mullen Scales of Early Learning; MSEL). Developmental trajectories were analysed cross\u2010sectionally and validated with a longitudinal subsample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trajectories gradually diverged from typical development, with an uneven pattern across domains. As children with DS get older, their gross motor difficulties persist, their expressive language becomes a relative weakness, and their receptive language becomes an area of emerging relative strength. Longitudinal data revealed limited stability of individual differences except for visual reception.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding how the DS profile emerges, as well as how stable individual differences are, presents important steps towards tailored support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.70218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T03:14:12Z","timestamp":1784517252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Down Syndrome Profile Emerges Gradually Across Early Development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8841-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"D'Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development Birkbeck, University of London  London UK"},{"name":"The LonDownS Consortium  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Karmiloff\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development Birkbeck, University of London  London UK"},{"name":"The LonDownS Consortium  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9828-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Mareschal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development Birkbeck, University of London  London UK"},{"name":"The LonDownS Consortium  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S. 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