{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:26:54Z","timestamp":1790364414766,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Frequency Trajectory of Atrial Fibrillation<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of substrates in the maintenance of persistent atrial fibrillation (persAF) remains poorly understood. The use of dominant frequency (DF) mapping to guide catheter ablation has been proposed as a potential strategy, but the characteristics of high DF sites have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to assess the DF spatiotemporal stability using high density noncontact mapping (NCM) in persAF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight persAF patients were studied using NCM during AF. Ventricular far\u2010field cancellation was performed followed by the calculation of DF using Fast Fourier Transform. Analysis of DF stability and spatiotemporal behavior were investigated including characteristics of the highest DF areas (HDFAs). A total of 16,384 virtual electrograms (VEGMs) and 232 sequential high density 3\u2010dimensional DF maps were analyzed. The percentage of DF stable points decreased rapidly over time. Repetition or reappearance of DF values were noted in some instances, occurring within 10 seconds in most cases. Tracking the HDFAs' center of gravity revealed 3 types of propagation behavior, namely (i) local, (ii) cyclical, and (iii) chaotic activity, with the former 2 patterns accounting for most of the observed events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>DF of individual VEGMs was temporally unstable, although reappearance of DF values occurred at times. Hence, targeting sites of \u2018peak DF\u2019 from a single time frame is unlikely to be a reliable ablation strategy. There appears to be a predominance of local and cyclical activity of HDFAs hinting a potentially nonrandom temporally periodic behavior that provides further mechanistic insights into the maintenance of persAF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T14:38:56Z","timestamp":1385390336000},"page":"371-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Distinctive Patterns of Dominant Frequency Trajectory Behavior in Drug\u2010Refractory Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Preliminary Characterization of Spatiotemporal Instability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"JO\u00c3O L.","family":"SALINET","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JIUN H.","family":"TUAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit Glenfield Hospital  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALISTAIR J.","family":"SANDILANDS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PETER J.","family":"STAFFORD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FERNANDO S.","family":"SCHLINDWEIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit Glenfield Hospital  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. ANDR\u00c9","family":"NG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit Glenfield Hospital  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.859116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.12.1236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur174"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.967992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2012.02332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2012.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.9.887","article-title":"Simultaneous endocardial mapping in the human left ventricle using a noncontact catheter \u2013 comparison of contact and reconstructed electrograms during sinus rhythm","volume":"9","author":"Schilling RJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01401-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.19.2543"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.3.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2007.00924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2009.01488.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-013-1071-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2013.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Digital Spectral Analysis","author":"Marple SJ","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Archimedes, the Center of Gravity, and the First Law of Mechanics","author":"Assis AKT","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.00414.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.04.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2006.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2009.02525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.2.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.71.5.1254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000147781.02738.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.910901"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.945709"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjce.12331","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjce.12331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jce.12331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T03:20:35Z","timestamp":1695784835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jce.12331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jce.12331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jce.12331","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-3873","1540-8167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-3873","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-8167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]}}}