{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:44:43Z","timestamp":1771515883657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Foundation, Baerum Hospital, Norway"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Heart Rate Variability and Irregularity During AF<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Irregularity measures have been suggested as risk indicators in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF); however, it is not known to what extent they are affected by commonly used rate\u2010control drugs. We aimed at evaluating the effect of metoprolol, carvedilol, diltiazem, and verapamil on the variability and irregularity of the ventricular response in patients with permanent AF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty patients with permanent AF were part of an investigator\u2010blind cross\u2010over study, comparing 4 rate\u2010control drugs (diltiazem, verapamil, metoprolol, and carvedilol). We analyzed five 20\u2010minute segments per patient: baseline and the 4 drug regimens. On every segment, heart rate (HR) variability and irregularity of RR series were computed. The variability was assessed as standard deviation, pNN20, pNN50, pNN80, and rMSSD. The irregularity was assessed by regularity index, approximate (ApEn), and sample entropy. A significantly lower HR was obtained with all drugs, the HR was lowest using the calcium channel blockers. All drugs increased the variability of ventricular response in respect to baseline (as an example, rMSSD: baseline 171 \u00b1 47 milliseconds, carvedilol 229 \u00b1 58 milliseconds; P &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline, metoprolol 226 \u00b1 66 milliseconds; P &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline, verapamil 228 \u00b1 84; P &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline, diltiazem 256 \u00b1 87 milliseconds; P &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline and all other drugs). Only \u03b2\u2010blockers significantly increased the irregularity of the RR series (as an example, ApEn: baseline 1.86 \u00b1 0.13, carvedilol 1.92 \u00b1 0.09; P &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline, metoprolol 1.93 \u00b1 0.08; P &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline, verapamil 1.86 \u00b1 0.22 ns, diltiazem 1.88 \u00b1 0.16 ns).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Modification of AV node conduction by rate\u2010control drugs increase RR variability, while only \u03b2\u2010blockers affect irregularity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]],"date-time":"2014-11-04T05:35:40Z","timestamp":1415079340000},"page":"137-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Rate\u2010Control Drugs Affect Variability and Irregularity Measures of RR Intervals in Patients with Permanent Atrial Fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"VALENTINA D.A.","family":"CORINO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SARA R.","family":"ULIMOEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research B\u00e6rum Hospital Vestre Viken Hospital Trust  Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"STEVE","family":"ENGER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research B\u00e6rum Hospital Vestre Viken Hospital Trust  Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LUCA T.","family":"MAINARDI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ARNLJOT","family":"TVEIT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research B\u00e6rum Hospital Vestre Viken Hospital Trust  Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PYOTR G.","family":"PLATONOV","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Clinical Sciences Center for Integrative Electrocardiology Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.3.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"PlatonovPG CygankiewiczI CorinoVDA MainardiLT MossAJ Zareba W:Reduced short\u2010term variability of RR intervals is associated with increased mortality in MADIT\u2010II patients with atrial fibrillation.2010 p.719."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"VDA Corino I Cygankiewicz LT Mainardi R Vazquez A Bayes Genis A Bayes de Luna W Zareba PG Platonov 2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2011.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology","volume":"93","year":"1996","journal-title":"Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. 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