{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T08:14:47Z","timestamp":1768032887752,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,11]],"date-time":"2015-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Utah Science Technology and Research (USTAR) Initiative for the Utah Multidisciplinary Arrhythmia Consortium"},{"name":"NIH","award":["5K23HL115084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K23HL115084"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["5R00HL091138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R00HL091138"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1R01HL128752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL128752"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Fibrosis Architecture and Conduction in Chronic AF<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) often transition between sinus rhythm and AF. For AF to initiate there must be both a trigger and a substrate that facilitates reentrant activity. This trigger is often caused by a premature atrial contraction or focal activations within the atrium. We hypothesize that specific architectures of fibrosis alter local conduction to enable AF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Control goats (n = 13) and goats in chronic AF (for an average of 6 months, n = 6) had a high\u2010density electrode plaque placed on the LA appendage. Conduction patterns following a premature atrial contraction, caused by an electrical stimulation, were quantified to determine regions of conduction slowing. These regions were compared to architecture, either diffuse fibrosis or regions of obstructive fibrosis, and overall fibrosis levels as determined by histology from the mapped region. The chronic AF goats had more obstructive fibrosis than the controls (17.5 \u00b1 8.0 fibers\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> vs. 8.6 \u00b1 3.0 fibers\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Conduction velocity of the AF goats was significantly slowed compared to the control goats in the transverse direction (0.40 \u00b1 0.04 m\/s vs. 0.53 \u00b1 0.15 m\/s) but not in the longitudinal direction (0.70 \u00b1 0.27 m\/s vs. 0.76 \u00b1 0.18 m\/s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>AF\u2010induced atrial remodeling leads to increased obstructive fibrosis and conduction velocity slowing transverse to fiber orientation following premature stimuli. The decrease in conduction velocity causes a decrease in the cardiac wavelength, and increases the likelihood of reentry and AF onset.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T09:55:25Z","timestamp":1438941325000},"page":"1352-1360","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Diverse Fibrosis Architecture and Premature Stimulation Facilitate Initiation of Reentrant Activity Following Chronic Atrial Fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"NATHAN","family":"ANGEL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research &amp; Management Center Division of Cardiovascular Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LI","family":"LI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research &amp; Management Center Division of Cardiovascular Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ROB S.","family":"MACLEOD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research &amp; Management Center Division of Cardiovascular Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NASSIR","family":"MARROUCHE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research &amp; Management Center Division of Cardiovascular Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Center for Engineering Innovation  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RAVI","family":"RANJAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research &amp; Management Center Division of Cardiovascular Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DEREK J.","family":"DOSDALL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research &amp; Management Center Division of Cardiovascular Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Center for Engineering Innovation  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2013.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euq013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"JanuaryCT WannLS AlpertJS CalkinsH ClevelandJC CigarroaJE ContiJB EllinorPT EzekowitzMD FieldME MurrayKT SaccoRL StevensonWG TchouPJ TracyCM YancyCW; ACC\/AHA Task Force Members:2014 AHA\/ACC\/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. 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