{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:56:11Z","timestamp":1775073371511,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A computational model demonstrated that atrial fibrillation (AF) rotors could be distributed in patchy late\u2010gadolinium enhancement (LGE) areas and play an important role in AF drivers. However, this was not validated in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the LGE properties of AF rotors in patients with persistent AF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 287 segments in 15 patients with persistent AF (long\u2010standing persistent AF in 9 patients) that underwent AF ablation were assessed. Non\u2010passively activated areas (NPAs), where rotational activation (AF rotor) was frequently observed, were detected by the novel real\u2010time phase mapping (ExTRa Mapping). The properties of the LGE areas were assessed using the LGE heterogeneity and the density which was evaluated by the entropy (LGE\u2010entropy) and the volume ratio of the enhancement voxel (LGE\u2010volume ratio), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>NPAs were found in 61 (21%) of 287 segments and were mostly found around the pulmonary vein antrum. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded an optimal cutoff value of 5.7% and 10% for the LGE\u2010entropy and LGE\u2010volume ratio, respectively. The incidence of NPAs was significantly higher at segments with an LGE\u2010entropy of &gt;5.7 and LGE\u2010volume ratio of &gt;10% than at the other segments (38 [30%] of 126 vs. 23 [14%] of 161 segments;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001). No NPAs were found at segments with an LGE\u2010volume ratio of &gt;50% regardless of the LGE\u2010entropy. Of five patients with AF recurrence, NPAs outside the PV antrum were not ablated in three patients and the remaining NPAs were ablated, but their LGE\u2010entropy and LGE\u2010volume ratio were low.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>AF rotors are mostly distributed in relatively weak and much more heterogenous LGE areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T09:04:22Z","timestamp":1612861462000},"page":"1005-1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Late\u2010gadolinium enhancement properties associated with atrial fibrillation rotors in patients with persistent atrial 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