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Reported benefits of LAPW isolation in Cox\u2010maze IV led to exploration of ablation strategies using endocardial catheters. However, no single approach to endocardial LAPW isolation exists. Relative success in comparison to PVI alone has been mixed. The hybrid convergent procedure was developed to combine minimally invasive surgical and electrophysiology techniques to accomplish effective PVI and LAPW isolation. Epicardial LAPW isolation is performed by a cardiothoracic surgeon followed by endocardial ablation by an electrophysiologist who ensures PVI completion and targets any remaining gaps. Safety and effectiveness of hybrid convergent were evaluated in the prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, Convergence of Epicardial and Endocardial Ablation for the Treatment of Symptomatic Persistent AF (CONVERGE). CONVERGE compared the effectiveness of the hybrid convergent procedure to endocardial catheter ablation for treatment of drug\u2010refractory persistent and long\u2010standing persistent AF and demonstrated primary effectiveness of higher freedom from atrial arrhythmias absent new\/increased dose previously failed\/intolerant antiarrhythmic drugs through 12 months compared to endocardial catheter ablation. Greater freedom from AF and proportion of patients experiencing \u226590% burden reduction with hybrid convergent ablation were seen through 18 months of follow\u2010up. Improved electrophysiology lab efficiency was demonstrated by the reduction in endocardial ablation time with addition of epicardial ablation. This multidisciplinary heart team procedure may improve outcomes in difficult\u2010to\u2010treat patients with advanced AF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T15:01:55Z","timestamp":1649948515000},"page":"1954-1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The hybrid convergent procedure for persistent and long\u2010standing persistent atrial fibrillation from an electrophysiologist's perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3272-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B.","family":"DeLurgio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia 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