{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:32:33Z","timestamp":1788867153230,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epicardial pacemakers are known as an alternative for endocardial pacemakers in some cases such as heart block, and complex congenital heart diseases. Considering recent advances and improvement of epicardial lead subtypes, it is essential to investigate the long\u2010term function of them. In this study, we aimed to assess the sensing and pacing characteristics, and survival of bipolar steroid\u2010eluting and unipolar nonsteroid\u2010eluting epicardial pacemakers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted an entirely concentrated search on the documents of all patients who had undergone epicardial lead implantation in the Shaheed Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical &amp; Research Center during 2015\u20132018. Implant, and follow\u2010up data were extracted. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis and Weibull regression hazards model were applied for the survival analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010nine leads were implanted for 77 patients. Of the total leads, 52.81%, 53.93%, and 47.19% were implanted in children (under 18\u2010year\u2010old), females, and patients with congenital heart diseases, respectively. Bipolar steroid\u2010eluting leads comprised 33.71% of 89 leads. The pacing threshold of unipolar nonsteroid\u2010eluting leads that were implanted on the left ventricle and right atrium increased significantly during the follow\u2010up to greater records than bipolar steroid\u2010eluting leads. Survival analysis also revealed that bipolar steroid\u2010eluting leads are significantly better in 48\u2010month survival (Weibull hazard ratio [HR]: 0.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]:\u00a00.02\u20130.99), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.049). Age, ventricular location of the lead, and acute pacing characteristics were not associated with survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bipolar steroid\u2010eluting epicardial leads have an acceptable survival compared with unipolar nonsteroid\u2010eluting, without a significant difference regarding patients age. Therefore, they could be an excellent alternative for endocardial ones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T15:29:14Z","timestamp":1666020554000},"page":"209-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A survival analysis of bipolar steroid\u2010eluting and unipolar nonsteroid\u2010eluting epicardial leads"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Amir Farjam","family":"Fazelifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology Research, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina Jalily","family":"Taghavyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0899-0518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Moeeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Seyed ol Shohada Hospital Urmia University of Medical Sciences West Azarbaijan Province Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahador","family":"Baharestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology Research, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshad Jalili","family":"Shahandashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology Research, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9963-6628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Haghjoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology Research, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Hoseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology Research, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Kamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology Research, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Madadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology Research, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Asghar","family":"Yoonesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5046-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sogol","family":"Koolaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology Research, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.21.2585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.4.392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eum080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01302-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-200403000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)00695-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7788.76794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-2109(01)00002-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(89)90408-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1992.tb02905.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2004.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-010-9494-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2019.1685870"}],"container-title":["Journal 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