{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T19:27:56Z","timestamp":1786390076981,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) remains a cornerstone treatment for atrial fibrillation; however, residual conduction gaps often hinder first\u2010pass success and contribute to late reconnection, leading to arrhythmia recurrence. The QDOT MICRO catheter (Biosense Webster Inc., CA, USA) is equipped with three microelectrodes at its tip. Their small size and short inter\u2010electrode spacing allow for a more detailed recording of intracardiac potentials. This study evaluated the utility of the QDOT MICRO catheter in detecting conduction gaps during PVI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010four\u00a0gaps in 40 patients undergoing initial PVI were analyzed by comparing electrograms recorded using microelectrodes and conventional 3.5\u2010mm tip electrodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At the gap sites, the local electrogram voltage recorded by microelectrodes was significantly higher than that by 3.5\u2010mm tip electrodes (median, 0.449 vs. 0.195\u2009mV,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), representing a 2.3\u2010fold amplification. The prevalence of fragmented potentials at the gap sites was significantly higher with microelectrodes than with 3.5\u2010mm tip electrodes (61% vs. 30%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In 36% of gaps, fragmented potentials were detected with microelectrodes, whereas the 3.5\u2010mm electrodes recorded nonfragmented signals, contributing to accurate gap detection. In 11% of gaps, the amplitude was extremely low with 3.5\u2010mm tip electrodes [median 0.107 (IQR 0.088\u20130.112)\u2009mV], rendering the interpretation of local electrogram challenging. However, microelectrodes amplified the signal [median 0.215 (IQR 0.176\u20130.283)\u2009mV], allowing for accurate identification and interpretation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microelectrodes enhance the detection and characterization of conduction gaps, particularly under low\u2010voltage or in scarred tissue, thereby improving ablation accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.70472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:34:43Z","timestamp":1786386883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advantages of the QDOT MICRO Catheter in Finding Conduction Gaps in Pulmonary Vein Isolation Compared With the Conventional 3.5\u2010mm Tip Electrode"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Masuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daigo","family":"Nagahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7996-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Hatano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4597-1508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimitaka","family":"Nishizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Teine Keijinkai Hospital Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.12944","article-title":"Characteristics of Right Pulmonary Vein With an Epicardial Connection Needing Additional Carina Ablation for Isolation","volume":"39","author":"Nehashi T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Arrhythmia"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","article-title":"Delineation of Conduction Gaps of Linear Lesions During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Using Ultra\u2010High\u2010Density Mapping","volume":"25","author":"Hashimoto K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Europace: European Pacing, Arrhythmias, and Cardiac Electrophysiology: Journal of the Working Groups on Cardiac Pacing, Arrhythmias, and Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14544","article-title":"Differences Between Gap\u2010Related Persistent Conduction and Carina\u2010Related Persistent Conduction During Radiofrequency Pulmonary Vein Isolation","volume":"31","author":"Mulder M. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15821","article-title":"Differential Gap Location After Radiofrequency Versus Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation: Insights From a Randomized Trial With Protocol\u2010Mandated Repeat Procedure","volume":"34","author":"S\u00f8rensen S. K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.11.026","article-title":"Durability of Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using Pulsed\u2010Field Ablation: Results From the Multicenter EU\u2010PORIA Registry","volume":"10","author":"Kueffer T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Clinical Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"753","article-title":"Localization of Residual Conduction Gaps After Wide Antral Circumferential Ablation of Pulmonary Veins","volume":"5","author":"Martins R. P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.03.061"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f351","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux184","article-title":"Identification of Pulmonary Vein Reconnection Gaps With High\u2010Density Mapping in Redo Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Procedures","volume":"20","author":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Bolao I.","year":"2018","journal-title":"EP Europace"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.08.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Mini\u2010, Micro\u2010, and Conventional Electrodes: An In Vivo Electrophysiology and Ex Vivo Histology Head\u2010To\u2010Head Comparison","volume":"7","author":"Glashan C. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Clinical Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Multisize Electrode Field\u2010Of\u2010View: Validation by High Resolution Gadolinium\u2010Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance","volume":"10","author":"Omara S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Clinical Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2020.24","article-title":"Impact of Micro\u2010, Mini\u2010 and Multi\u2010Electrode Mapping on Ventricular Substrate Characterisation","volume":"9","author":"Berte B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"220","article-title":"High\u2010Resolution Mapping of Ventricular Scar: Evaluation of a Novel Integrated Multielectrode Mapping and Ablation Catheter","volume":"3","author":"Leshem E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clinical Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2024.05.001","article-title":"Insight From the Microelectrodes in Case of Two Different Types of Premature Ventricular Contractions Originating From Left Ventricular Summit","volume":"24","author":"Nishiwaki S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2024.101435","article-title":"Impact of High\u2010Resolution 3D\u2010mapping With Micro\u2010Electrodes on Catheter Ablation of Wolff\u2010Parkinson\u2010White Syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Steinfurt J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology. Heart & Vasculature"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.09.011","article-title":"Effect of Electrode Size and Spacing on Electrograms: Optimized Electrode Configuration for Near\u2010Field Electrogram Characterization","volume":"19","author":"Takigawa M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm: The Official Journal of the Heart Rhythm Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2018.04.012","article-title":"The Influence of the Electrodes Spacing of a Mapping Catheter on the Atrial Voltage Substrate Map","volume":"72","author":"Mori H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jce.70472","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jce.70472","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jce.70472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:34:49Z","timestamp":1786386889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jce.70472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":17,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jce.70472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jce.70472","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-3873","1540-8167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-3873","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-8167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jce.70472"}}