{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:13:18Z","timestamp":1790957598398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Clinical Hypertension"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is clear evidence that high sodium intake is associated with many health issues including hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Several national and worldwide studies have estimated deaths from CVDs attributable to high sodium. But how to evaluate the impact of high sodium intake on diseases using regional routine monitoring and investigation data is necessary and important. Our study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the high sodium intake attributed to CVDs deaths based on the routine monitoring data from China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS) in Tianjin, China. The population attributable fractions (PAF) were calculated by comparing the observed systolic blood pressure (SBP) distribution with the theoretical minimum or counterfactual distribution by sex and age groups. The results showed that CVDs deaths due to elevated SBP were 22728 (95% uncertainty intervals: 22679\u201023050), accounting for 62.8% of total CVDs deaths. According to sodium intake recommended by World Health Organization (WHO), PAF of CVDs deaths attributable to high sodium diet in our study was 14.6% of total CVDs deaths, accounting for 5228 (95% UI: 5005\u20135998) cases. The dietary sodium intake of residents is nearly three times than sodium intake recommended by WHO. If sodium intake was reduced to reference level, the potential avoidable CVD deaths attributable to the SBP\u2010raising effect were more than 5200 among adults 25 aged and over in Tianjin. This evaluation method can be extended to other cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T17:41:00Z","timestamp":1669743660000},"page":"30-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["High sodium diet intake and cardiovascular diseases: An attributable death study in Tianjin, China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5548-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao\u2010Dan","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Qiu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De\u2010Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan\u2010Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Long","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo\u2010Hong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Organization World Health.Guideline: sodium intake for adults and children. Geneva: world Health Organization;2012. p. 46."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Deaths and life expectancy losses attributable to diet high in sodium in China","volume":"38","author":"Liu S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001459"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"2138","article-title":"Blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease","author":"Sodium Whelton PK","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.02.007"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"1510","article-title":"Analysis on causes of death and life expectancy in residents of Tianjin","volume":"44","author":"Xu ZL","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Tianjin Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Dietary intake of sodium and potassium among adult inhabitants and evaluation of survey methods in Tianjin in 2015","volume":"53","author":"Wang ZB","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prev Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1201534"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Status quo on smoking and related change pattern of smoking related behavior in past 20 years in urban residents in Tianjin","volume":"40","author":"Xue X","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00739-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"China Food Composition Tables","author":"Yang YX","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Association of red meat usual intake with serum ferritin and the risk of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults: a longitudinal study from the china health and nutrition survey","volume":"33","author":"Huang LN","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Smoking cessation\u2010associated mortality reduction: a case\u2010control study in Tianjin city","volume":"19","author":"Li W","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The methodology for assessing smoking\u2010attributed mortality based on all causes of death surveillance in Tianjin, China","volume":"18","author":"Li W","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"10053","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"1659","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks","volume":"388","author":"Forouzanfar MH","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304127"},{"issue":"9859","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim SS","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"CorporationP @RISK software version 6.1 for Excel.http:\/\/www.palisade.com\/risk\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060363"},{"issue":"10015","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00551-6","article-title":"Cause\u2010specific mortality for 240 causes in China during 1990\u20132013: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"387","author":"Zhou M","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130247"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907355"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"72","volume":"91","author":"Nathan AJ","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60567-5"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"759","article-title":"Burden of disease attributable to high\u2010 sodium diets in China","volume":"50","author":"Liu M","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Prev Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.2.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2002.00924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040764"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.4.786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.3.470"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jch.14599","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jch.14599","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jch.14599","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T08:47:45Z","timestamp":1696322865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jch.14599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jch.14599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.14599","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-6175","1751-7176"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-6175","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-7176","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}