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To overcome the common problem of donor\u2010site morbidity of standard autologous bone grafts, we successfully combined tissue engineering techniques for the first time with the arteriovenous loop model to generate vascularized large bone grafts. We present two cases of large bone defects after debridement of an osteomyelitis. One of the defects was localized in the radius and one in the tibia. For osseus reconstruction, arteriovenous loops were created as vascular axis, which were placed in the bony defects. In case 1, the bone generation was achieved using cancellous bone from the iliac crest and fibrin glue and in case 2 using a clinically approved \u03b2\u2010tricalciumphosphate\/hydroxyapatite (HA), fibrin glue and directly auto\u2010transplanted bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest. The following post\u2010operative courses were uneventful. The final examinations took place after 36 and 72\u00a0months after the initial operations. Computer tomogrphy (CT), membrane resonance imaging (MRI) and doppler ultrasound revealed patent arterio\u2010venous (AV) loops in the bone grafts as well as completely healed bone defects. The patients were pain\u2010free with normal ranges of motion. This is the first study demonstrating successfully axially vascularized <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> tissue engineered bone generation in large bone defects in a clinical scenario using the arteriovenous loop model without creation of a significant donor\u2010site defect utilizing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RM<\/jats:styled-content> techniques in human patients with long\u2010term stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T01:09:27Z","timestamp":1399424967000},"page":"1478-1485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Successful human long\u2010term application of <i>in situ<\/i> bone tissue engineering"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Raymund E.","family":"Horch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuernberg Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justus P.","family":"Beier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuernberg Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Kneser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuernberg Erlangen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Burn Center BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg 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