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In this study, we assessed the capacity of adult human <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content>, appropriately primed towards hypertrophic or osteoblastic differentiation, to form bone tissue <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Hypertrophic induction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based micromass pellets formed mineralized cartilaginous tissues rich in type X collagen, but upon implantation into subcutaneous pockets of nude mice remained avascular and reverted to stable hyaline\u2010cartilage. In the same ectopic environment, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> embedded into ceramic scaffolds and primed with osteogenic medium only sporadically formed intramembranous bone tissue. A clonal study could not demonstrate that the low bone formation efficiency was related to a possibly small proportion of cells competent to become fully functional osteoblasts. We next tested whether the cues present in an orthotopic environment could induce a more efficient direct osteoblastic transformation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content>. Using a nude rat calvarial defect model, we demonstrated that (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> directly participated in frank bone formation and (<jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) the efficiency of survival and bone formation by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly higher than that of reference osteogenic cells, namely bone marrow\u2010derived mesenchymal stromal cells. This study provides a proof\u2010of\u2010principle that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> have the plasticity to convert into bone cells and thereby represent an easily available cell source to be further investigated for craniofacial bone regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T10:22:46Z","timestamp":1424082166000},"page":"1390-1399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Bone\u2010forming capacity of adult human nasal chondrocytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Benjamin E","family":"Pippenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine University Hospital Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials 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