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Despite intense investigations and progress in understanding the processes governing bone healing, the specific pathophysiological characteristics of the local microenvironment leading to non\u2010union remain obscure. The clinical findings and radiographic features remain the two important landmarks of diagnosing non\u2010unions and even when the diagnosis is established there is debate on the ideal timing and mode of intervention. In an attempt to understand better the pathophysiological processes involved in the development of fracture non\u2010union, a number of studies have endeavoured to investigate the biological profile of tissue obtained from the non\u2010union site and analyse any differences or similarities of tissue obtained from different types of non\u2010unions. In the herein study, we present the existing evidence of the biological and molecular profile of fracture non\u2010union tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T22:16:51Z","timestamp":1425248211000},"page":"685-713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Biological and molecular profile of fracture non\u2010union tissue: current insights"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Michalis","family":"Panteli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Trauma &amp; Orthopaedics School of Medicine University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ippokratis","family":"Pountos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Trauma &amp; Orthopaedics School of Medicine University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine School of Medicine University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter V.","family":"Giannoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Trauma &amp; Orthopaedics School of Medicine University of Leeds Leeds UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Unit Chapel Allerton Hospital LS7 4SA Leeds West Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00142-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(08)70003-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54030-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2009.0687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(13)70017-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200511101-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181ed294c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(03)02866-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.32.6.915"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/mp.52.2.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0401-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200209000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-20-05-273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181cec6fb"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(07)80012-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Factors influencing the outcome of closed tibial fractures treated with functional bracing","volume":"315","author":"Sarmiento A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.70B5.3192581","article-title":"The healing of closed tibial shaft fractures. 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