{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:17:36Z","timestamp":1784546256660,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003417","name":"Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FR 201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR 201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cellular Molecular Medi"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scaphoid bones have a high prevalence for non\u2010union. Even with adequate treatment, bone regeneration may not occur in certain instances. Although this condition is well described, the molecular pathology of scaphoid non\u2010unions is still poorly defined. In this study, gene expression of osteogenic and angiogenic growth and transcription factors as well as inflammatory mediators were analysed in human scaphoid non\u2010unions and intraindividually compared to adjacent autologous cancellous bone from the distal radius. In addition, histology and immunohistochemical stainings were performed to verify <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qRT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> data. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant up\u2010regulation of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RANKL<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> ALP<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> CYCLIN<\/jats:styled-content> D1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u201013, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPG<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> NFAT<\/jats:styled-content>c1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<\/jats:italic>\u03b2 and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNT<\/jats:styled-content>5A<\/jats:italic> in scaphoid non\u2010unions. Interestingly, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RANKL<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NFAT<\/jats:styled-content>c1<\/jats:italic>, both markers for osteoclastogenesis, were significantly induced in non\u2010unions. Moreover, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNT<\/jats:styled-content>5A<\/jats:italic> was highly up\u2010regulated in all non\u2010union samples. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRAP<\/jats:styled-content> staining confirmed the observation of induced osteoclastogenesis in non\u2010unions. With respect to genes related to osteogenesis, alkaline phosphatase was significantly up\u2010regulated in scaphoid non\u2010unions. No differences were detectable for other osteogenic genes such as <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RUNX<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<\/jats:italic>2 or <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<\/jats:italic>2. Importantly, we did not detect differences in angiogenesis between scaphoid non\u2010unions and controls in both gene expression and immunohistochemistry. Summarized, our data indicate increased osteoclast activity in scaphoid non\u2010unions possibly as a result of the alterations in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RANKL<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<\/jats:italic>\u03b2 and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNT<\/jats:styled-content>5A<\/jats:italic> expression levels. These data increase our understanding for the reduced bone regeneration capacity present in scaphoid non\u2010unions and may translate into the identification of new therapeutic targets to avoid secondary damages and prevent occurrence of non\u2010unions to scaphoid bones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T03:18:30Z","timestamp":1443496710000},"page":"2842-2850","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Human scaphoid non\u2010unions exhibit increased osteoclast activity compared to adjacent cancellous bone"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Schira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Ruhr University Bochum Bochum 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