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Their unique structure allows them to form intercellular junctions with various immunocytes, both in normal and diseased tissues, suggesting a potential functional relationship with the local immune response. It has been hypothesized that through direct heterocellular junctions or indirect paracrine effects,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>s influence the activity of local immunocytes that are involved in the inflammatory process and in immune\u2010mediated reproductive abnormalities. However, no reliable cytological evidence for this hypothesis is currently available. In this study, we cultured primary murine uterine<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>s and collected<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>conditioned media (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCM<\/jats:styled-content>). Mouse peritoneal macrophages (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pMAC<\/jats:styled-content>s) were co\u2010cultured for 48\u00a0hrs with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCM<\/jats:styled-content>or with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMEM<\/jats:styled-content>\/F12 or lipopolysaccharide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content>) as negative and positive controls, respectively. Normal uterine<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>s with a typical structure and a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\u201034\u2010positive\/vimentin\u2010positive\/c\u2010kit\u2010negative immunophenotype were observed during culture. Morphologically,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pMAC<\/jats:styled-content>s displayed an obvious activation\/immunoresponse, in contrast to over\u2010stimulation and cell death after<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content>treatment and no sign of activation in the presence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMEM<\/jats:styled-content>\/F12. Accordingly, a cell counting kit 8 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108) assay indicated significant activation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pMAC<\/jats:styled-content>s by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCM<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content>compared to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMEM<\/jats:styled-content>\/F12, thus supporting the marked morphological differences among these groups of cells. Furthermore, within a panel of macrophage\u2010derived cytokines\/enzymes, interleukin\u20106 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106) and inducible nitric oxide synthase were significantly elevated in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pMAC<\/jats:styled-content>s; tumour necrosis factor \u03b1,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010R1, and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 were slightly, but significantly, up\u2010regulated; and no changes were observed for transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b21,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201023\u03b1 and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201018. Our results indicate that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TC<\/jats:styled-content>s are not simply innocent bystanders but are rather functional players in the activation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pMAC<\/jats:styled-content>s; they trigger and maintain the immune response, likely through indirect paracrine effects. Thus, we provide preliminary<jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>evidence of immunoregulatory and immunosurveillance roles for TCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T07:25:05Z","timestamp":1444980305000},"page":"2741-2750","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i>morphology, viability and cytokine secretion of uterine telocyte\u2010activated mouse peritoneal macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chi","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou city Jiangsu province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Juan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou city 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