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The introduction of chimeric antigen receptors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAR<\/jats:styled-content>) into T cells or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells could potentially overcome this resistance. Here, we extend our previous observations on the resistance of malignant lymphoblasts to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u201092 cells, a continuously growing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell line, showing that anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAR<\/jats:styled-content> (\u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAR<\/jats:styled-content>) engineered <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u201092 cells can regain significant cytotoxicity against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19 positive leukaemic cell lines and primary leukaemia cells that are resistant to cytolytic activity of parental <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u201092 cells. The \u2018first generation\u2019 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAR<\/jats:styled-content> was generated from a scFv (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19) antibody fragment, coupled to a flexible hinge region, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>3\u03b6 chain and a Myc\u2010tag and cloned into a retrovirus backbone. No difference in cytotoxic activity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u201092 and transduced \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAR NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u201092 cells towards <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19 negative targets was found. However, \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAR NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u201092 cells specifically and efficiently lysed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19 expressing B\u2010precursor leukaemia cell lines as well as lymphoblasts from leukaemia patients. Since <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u201092 cells can be easily expanded to clinical grade numbers under current Good Manufactoring Practice (cGMP) conditions and its safety has been documented in several phase I clinical studies, treatment with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAR<\/jats:styled-content> modified <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u201092 should be considered a treatment option for patients with lymphoid malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T18:49:31Z","timestamp":1458758971000},"page":"1287-1294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["<scp>CD<\/scp>19\u2010<scp>CAR<\/scp> engineered <scp>NK<\/scp>\u201092 cells are sufficient to overcome <scp>NK<\/scp> cell resistance in B\u2010cell malignancies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"Romanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology J.W. 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