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The fusion of cranial sutures is a highly coordinated and tightly regulated process during development. Craniosynostosis is a congenital malformation caused by premature fusion of cranial sutures. While the progenitor cells derived from the cranial suture complex should prove valuable for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying suture development and pathogenic premature suture fusion, primary human cranial suture progenitors (SuPs) have limited life span and gradually lose osteoblastic ability over passages. To overcome technical challenges in maintaining sufficient and long\u2010term culture of SuPs for suture biology studies, we establish and characterize the reversibly immortalized human cranial suture progenitors (iSuPs). Using a reversible immortalization system expressing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SV<\/jats:styled-content>40 T flanked with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FRT<\/jats:styled-content> sites, we demonstrate that primary human suture progenitor cells derived from the patent sutures of craniosynostosis patients can be efficiently immortalized. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iSuP<\/jats:styled-content>s maintain long\u2010term proliferative activity, express most of the consensus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSC<\/jats:styled-content> markers and can differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages upon <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMP<\/jats:styled-content>9 stimulation <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The removal of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SV<\/jats:styled-content>40 T antigen by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLP<\/jats:styled-content> recombinase results in a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in the endogenous osteogenic and adipogenic capability in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iSuP<\/jats:styled-content>s. Therefore, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iSuP<\/jats:styled-content>s should be a valuable resource to study suture development, intramembranous ossification and the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis, as well as to explore cranial bone tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,4]],"date-time":"2017-05-04T06:58:43Z","timestamp":1493881123000},"page":"2782-2795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["<scp>BMP<\/scp>9 induces osteogenesis and adipogenesis in the immortalized human cranial suture progenitors from the patent sutures of craniosynostosis patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dongzhe","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu China"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology Laboratory 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