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In this study, the molecular mechanisms of honokiol in suppressing the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) cells were evaluated. Treatment of two\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    cell lines with honokiol resulted in reducing the cell proliferation and arresting the cell cycle at G1 stage which was correlated with the down\u2010regulation of Cdk2 and Cdk4 and the up\u2010regulation of cell cycle suppressors, p21 and p27. In addition, the caspase\u2010dependent programmed cell death was substantially detected, and the autophagy was induced as the autophagosome formation and autophagic flux proceeded. Modulation of autophagy by autophagic inducer, rapamycin or inhibitors, 3\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    or bafilomycin, potentiated the honokiol\u2010mediated anti\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    effects where honokiol exerted multiple actions in suppression of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAPK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    pathway and regulation of Akt\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    or\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMPK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    pathways. As compared to clinical therapeutic agent, 5\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , honokiol exhibited more potent activity against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    cells and synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect of 5\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Furthermore, orally administrated honokiol exerted effective antitumour activity\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010xenografted mice. Thus, this study revealed that honokiol could be a promising candidate in preventing human\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T07:42:47Z","timestamp":1516779767000},"page":"1894-1908","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Honokiol inhibits\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma through induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and autophagy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kao\u2010Jean","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Center for Biotechnology Institute of Biologics New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin\u2010Ho","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\u2010Oncology and Blood Bank Department of Internal Medicine Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia\u2010Yi Christian Hospital Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010Hsin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia\u2010Yi Christian Hospital Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching\u2010Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia\u2010Yi Christian Hospital Chiayi 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