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Arguably, the most powerful tool of this revolution is bioprinting, understood as the assembling of cells with biomaterials in three\u2010dimensional structures. It is less appreciated, however, that bioprinting is not a uniform methodology, but comprises a variety of approaches. These can be broadly classified in two categories, based on the use or not of supporting biomaterials (known as \u201cscaffolds,\u201d usually printable hydrogels also called \u201cbioinks\u201d). Importantly, several limitations of scaffold\u2010dependent bioprinting can be avoided by the \u201cscaffold\u2010free\u201d methods. In this overview, we comparatively present these approaches and highlight the rapidly evolving scaffold\u2010free bioprinting, as applied to cardiovascular tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]],"date-time":"2018-03-15T07:29:46Z","timestamp":1521098986000},"page":"2964-2969","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Progress in scaffold\u2010free bioprinting for cardiovascular medicine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1869-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicanor I.","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology 3D Bioprinting Core Indiana University\u2010Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 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