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Additional manifestations include activation of the immune system and vascular injury. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c causes disability and death as the result of end\u2010stage organ failure. Two clinical subsets of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c are accepted: limited cutaneous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c (lc\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c) and diffuse cutaneous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c (dc\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c). At present, the aetiology and pathogenesis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c remain obscure, and consequently, disease outcome is unpredictable. Numerous studies suggest that reactive oxidizing species (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content>) play an important role in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Over the years, several reports have supported this hypothesis for both lc\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c and dc\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c, although the specific role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of vascular injury and fibrosis remains to be clarified. The aim of the present review was to report and comment the recent findings regarding the involvement and role of oxidative stress in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c pathogenesis. Biomarkers proving the link between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content> and the main pathological features of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>c have been summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T11:54:19Z","timestamp":1523966059000},"page":"3308-3314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of systemic scleroderma: An overview"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rosa","family":"Vona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gender\u2010Specific Medicine Biomarkers Unit Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Giovannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine La Sapienza 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