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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a remarkable tool for peripheral nerve regeneration. The involvement of human umbilical cord MSC\u2010derived extracellular vesicles (hUCMSC\u2010EVs) in peripheral nerve regeneration, however, remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated functional recovery and nerve regeneration in rats that received hUCMSC\u2010EV treatment after nerve transection. We observed that hUCMSC\u2010EV treatment promoted the recovery of motor function and the regeneration of axons; increased the sciatic functional index; resulted in the generation of numerous axons and of several Schwann cells that surrounded individual axons; and attenuated the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle. hUCMSC\u2010EVs aggregated to rat nerve defects, down\u2010regulated interleukin (IL)\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2, up\u2010regulated IL\u201010 and modulated inflammation in the injured nerve. These effects likely contributed to the promotion of nerve regeneration. Our findings indicate that hUCMSC\u2010EVs can improve functional recovery and nerve regeneration by providing a favourable microenvironment for nerve regeneration. Thus, hUCMSC\u2010EVs have considerable potential for application in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:21:06Z","timestamp":1550449266000},"page":"2822-2835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve transection in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yongbin","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Laboratory The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Laboratory Jintan Hospital, Jiangsu University  Jintan 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