{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:45:01Z","timestamp":1790959501412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008538","name":"PSC Partners Seeking a Cure","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cellular Molecular Medi"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol\u2010associated liver disease (ALD) represent a spectrum of injury, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. In humans, in fact, fatty changes in the liver, possibly leading to end\u2010stage disease, were observed after chronic alcohol intake or in conditions of metabolic impairment. In this article, we examined the features and the pro\u2010inflammatory pathways leading to non\u2010alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis. The involvement of several events (hits) and multiple inter\u2010related pathways in the pathogenesis of these diseases suggest that a single therapeutic agent is unlikely to be an effective treatment strategy. Hence, a combination treatment towards multiple pro\u2010inflammatory targets would eventually be required. Gut\u2010liver crosstalk is involved not only in the impairment of lipid and glucose homoeostasis leading to steatogenesis, but also in the initiation of inflammation and fibrogenesis in both NAFLD and ALD. Modulation of the gut\u2010liver axis has been suggested as a possible therapeutic approach since gut\u2010derived components are likely to be involved in both the onset and the progression of liver damage. This review summarizes the translational mechanisms underlying pro\u2010inflammatory signalling and gut\u2010liver axis in non\u2010alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis. With a multitude of people being affected by liver diseases, identification of possible treatments and the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms are elements of paramount importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T11:41:39Z","timestamp":1587469299000},"page":"5955-5965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pro\u2010inflammatory signalling and gut\u2010liver axis in non\u2010alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis: Differences and similarities along the path"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Trenton","family":"Glaser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Baiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit Department of Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology Texas A&amp;M University College of Medicine Bryan TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Lenci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit Department of Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit Department of Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suthat","family":"Liangpunsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology Texas A&amp;M University College of Medicine Bryan TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Alpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7602-9091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanyin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60814-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000282080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30866"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"The epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Mann RE","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2017.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"944","article-title":"Estimated time from clinical presentation to the development of cirrhosis in non\u2010cirrhotic adult patients with non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Minuk GY","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.alc.0000191776.37626.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0758-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00530.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20672"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23621"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom7010016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6040106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2004.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70599-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-018-01542-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2008.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i39.14205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2017.00090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12886"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00304.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2013.0120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-014-1170-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1212659"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00493.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.096651.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6753-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00361.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00796.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9219-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04669-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.2.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2015.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Alcohol intake modulates hormonal activity of adipose tissue","volume":"40","author":"Pravdova E","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Regul"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22350"},{"issue":"34","key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","first-page":"846","article-title":"Hepatic adiponectin receptors (ADIPOR) 1 and 2 mRNA and their relation to insulin resistance in obese humans","volume":"2010","author":"Felder TK","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obesity"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22811"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1845"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","first-page":"2253","article-title":"Clomiphene in the treatment of patients with anovular sterility","volume":"131","author":"Hansen KB","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210791208884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3769-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02871"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i36.4104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13729"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i40.4519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","first-page":"633","article-title":"Liver disease in women: the influence of gender on epidemiology, natural history, and patient outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Guy J","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.10.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru167"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcmm.15182","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcmm.15182","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jcmm.15182","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcmm.15182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T04:26:30Z","timestamp":1746851190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcmm.15182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcmm.15182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.15182","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1582-1838","1582-4934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1582-1838","type":"print"},{"value":"1582-4934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}