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Unmet need and no effective treatment has been developed for HOTL, primarily attributable to poor understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms. HOTL forms via endochondral ossification, a common process of most kinds of HO. HOTL is a dynamic pathologic process that includes trauma\/injury, inflammation, mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) recruitment, chondrogenic differentiation and, finally, ossification. A variety of signal pathways involve HOTL with multiple roles in different stages of HO formation, and here in this review, we summarize the progress and provide an up\u2010to\u2010date understanding of HOTL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T14:39:56Z","timestamp":1586961596000},"page":"5428-5437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Heterotopic ossification of tendon and ligament"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Shanghai East Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Changzhou No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital Changzhou China"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine &amp; Gerontology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN 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