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The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cranial irradiation on the pituitary gland and related endocrine function. Female Wistar rat pups on postnatal day 11 were subjected to a single dose of 6\u00a0Gy whole\u2010head irradiation, and hormone levels and organ structure in the reproductive system were examined at 20\u00a0weeks after irradiation. We found that brain irradiation reduced cell proliferation and induced persistent inflammation in the pituitary gland. The whole transcriptome analysis of the pituitary gland revealed that apoptosis and inflammation\u2010related pathways were up\u2010regulated after irradiation. In addition, irradiation led to significantly decreased levels of the pituitary hormones, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone and the reproductive hormones testosterone and progesterone. To conclude, brain radiation induces reduction of pituitary and reproduction\u2010related hormone secretion, this may due to reduced cell proliferation and increased pituitary inflammation after irradiation. Our results thus provide additional insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying complications after head irradiation and contribute to the discovery of preventive and therapeutic strategies related to brain injury following irradiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T04:31:46Z","timestamp":1605069106000},"page":"14571-14582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cranial irradiation alters neuroinflammation and neural proliferation in the pituitary gland and induces late\u2010onset hormone deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9004-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiran","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou 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