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T follicular helper (Tfh) cells contribute to humoural immunity. The aim of this study was to test whether Tfh cell function can be manipulated via hormones. Seventy\u2010four women who underwent in vitro fertilization were recruited and divided into four groups: menstrual period (MP), controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), embryo transfer (ET) and pregnant after embryo transfer (P). A flow cytometry analysis was performed to identify Tfh cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Bioinformatics analysis revealed a possible pathway between Tfh and B cells. Enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect interleukin (IL)\u201021 and IL\u20106. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify BCL\u20106, BACH2, XBP\u20101, IRF\u20104 and G protein\u2010coupled (GP)ER\u20101 mRNA expression. Compared with the MP group, the COH, ET and P groups showed more Tfh and B cells, as well as higher IL\u201021, IL\u20106, BCL\u20106 and BACH2 expression. Furthermore, Tfh cell frequency in PBMCs, as well as serum IL\u201021 and IL\u20106 levels, were all positively correlated with serum estradiol (E\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) levels; the B cell percentage also correlated positively with Tfh cells in PBMCs. Combined with the bioinformatics analysis, XBP\u20101, IRF\u20104 and GPER\u20101 expression was related to E\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels, both in vivo and in vitro. We speculate that E\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    augments Tfh cells and favours humoural immunity. This study indicates that Tfh cell regulation may be a novel target in maintaining the maternal\u2010foetal immune balance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T01:40:05Z","timestamp":1621906805000},"page":"6524-6534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Supraphysiological estradiol promotes human T follicular helper cell differentiation and favours humoural immunity during in vitro fertilization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2045-9375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory The First Hospital of Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine Center for Prenatal Diagnosis The First Hospital of Jilin University  Changchun 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Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venerology The First Hospital of Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation Ministry of Education  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanfa","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory The First Hospital of Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation Ministry of Education  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"202","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"2585","article-title":"Effector and activated T cells induce preterm labor and birth that is prevented by treatment with 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