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Although the pathophysiology of IC\/BPS is not fully understood, the hypothesis suggests that mast cell activation, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer defects, urothelium permeability disruption, inflammation, autoimmune disorder and infection are potential mechanisms. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proven to protect against tissue injury in IC\/BPS by migrating into bladders, differentiating into key bladder cells, inhibiting mast cell accumulation and cellular apoptosis, inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, alleviating collagen fibre accumulation and enhancing tissue regeneration in bladder tissues. In addition, MSCs can protect against tissue injury in IC\/BPS by secreting various soluble factors, including exosomes and other soluble factors, with antiapoptotic, anti\u2010inflammatory, angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties in a cell\u2010to\u2010cell independent manner. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current potential pathophysiological mechanisms and standard treatments of IC\/BPS, and we discussed the potential mechanisms and therapeutic effects of MSCs and MSC\u2010derived exosomes in alleviating tissue injury in IC\/BPS models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]],"date-time":"2021-12-25T06:59:32Z","timestamp":1640415572000},"page":"624-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Roles of mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology School of Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University Hangzhou 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