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Interleukin (IL)\u201013 has been implicated in the development of fibrosis in multiple organs. Indeed, it contributes to diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis among others. Currently, its expression in OSF and the specific mechanisms are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IL\u201013 in OSF and further explore whether IL\u201013 regulates\u2014polarization of M2\u2010macrophages in OSF. Initially, in the tissues of patients with OSF, we observed a high expression of M2\u2010macrophages and IL\u201013 protein. Additionally, we found a correlation between the expression of IL\u201013 and the stage of OSF. Arecoline inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts (FBs) and promoted IL\u201013 production in vitro. Furthermore, our observations revealed that M2\u2010macrophages increased upon co\u2010culturing M0\u2010macrophages with supernatants containing the IL\u201013 cytokine. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that arecoline stimulates FBs leading to increased secretion of IL\u201013, which in turn IL\u201013 leads to polarization of M2\u2010macrophages and promotes the occurrence of OSF. This suggests that IL\u201013 may be a potential therapeutic target of OSF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T05:05:16Z","timestamp":1687237516000},"page":"1797-1805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Interleukin\u201013 contributes to the occurrence of oral submucosal fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0132-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research &amp; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care &amp; Academician Workstation for Oral\u2010maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine &amp; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health &amp; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital &amp; Xiangya School of Stomatology Central South University  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhangui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research &amp; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care &amp; Academician Workstation for Oral\u2010maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine &amp; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health &amp; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital &amp; Xiangya School of Stomatology Central South University  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research &amp; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care &amp; Academician Workstation for Oral\u2010maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine &amp; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health &amp; Xiangya Stomatological 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