{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T10:06:31Z","timestamp":1769940391125,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008091","name":"Golestan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cellular Molecular Medi"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dealing with nude mice, which lack thymus and therefore are sensitive to unsterile conditions, needs special care and laboratory conditions. For preclinical studies, especially tumour imaging purposes, in which therapeutic properties of drugs or therapeutic compounds are not studied, mice with normal immune system can be a favourable alternative if they carry tumours of interest. In the current study, we introduce an optimized protocol for induction of human tumours in BALB\/c mice for preclinical studies. Immune system of BALB\/c mice was suppressed by administration of cyclosporine A (CsA), ketoconazole and cyclophosphamide. The tumours of MDA\u2010MB\u2010231, A\u2010431 and U\u201087\u2010MG human cancer cells were induced by subcutaneous injection of the cells to the immunosuppressed mice. Tumour size was calculated weekly. Histopathological and metastatic analyses were performed using haematoxylin and eosin staining. The combination of the three drugs was found to suppress immune system and decrease the numbers of white blood cells, including lymphocytes. At the eighth week, tumours with a dimension of approximately 1400\u2009mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> developed. Large atypical nuclei with scant cytoplasm were found to exist using histopathological analysis. No metastasis was observed in the tumour\u2010bearing mice. A combination of CsA, ketoconazole and cyclophosphamide can be used to suppress the immune system in BALB\/c mice and induce tumours with significant size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T09:45:14Z","timestamp":1685353514000},"page":"1880-1886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tumour induction in <scp>BALB<\/scp>\/c mice for imaging studies: An improved protocol"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-5368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Amini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Golestan University of Medical Sciences  Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Mesbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AshianGanoTeb Biopharmaceutical Company Golestan University of Medical Sciences  Gorgan Iran"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathology, Urology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9393-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Tash\u00a0Shamsabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Golestan University of Medical Sciences  Gorgan Iran"},{"name":"Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center Golestan University of Medical Sciences  Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Zeyghami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Golestan University of Medical Sciences  Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaghoub","family":"Safdari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Golestan University of Medical Sciences  Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2018.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2021.102163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91970-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"7177","article-title":"An improved and versatile immunosuppression protocol for the development of tumor xenograft in mice","volume":"34","author":"Jivrajani M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"A new peritoneal carcinomatosis model in cyclosporine immunosuppressed rats","volume":"28","author":"Akhter J","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"3761","article-title":"A new orthotopic model of human breast cancer in immunocompetent rats","volume":"23","author":"Akla B","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2011000100021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9589820"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"595","article-title":"Cyclosporin a drug interactions. 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