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However, the mechanisms of propranolol in liver fibrosis have not yet been thoroughly elucidated. Autophagic cell death (ACD) of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is important in the alleviation of liver fibrosis. Our study aims to assess the mechanisms of propranolol regulating HSC ACD and liver fibrosis. ACD of HSCs was investigated using lentivirus transfection. The molecular mechanism was determined using a PCR profiler array. The role of autophagy\u2010related protein 9b (ATG9b) in HSC ACD was detected using co\u2010immunoprecipitation and co\u2010localization of immunofluorescence. Changes in the signalling pathway were detected by the Phospho Explorer antibody microarray. Propranolol induces ACD and apoptosis in HSCs. ATG9b upregulation was detected in propranolol\u2010treated HSCs. ATG9b upregulation promoted ACD of HSCs and alleviated liver fibrosis in\u00a0vivo. ATG9b enhanced the P62 recruitment to ATG5\u2010ATG12\u2010LC3 compartments and increased the co\u2010localization of P62 with ubiquitinated proteins. The PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway is responsible for ATG9b\u2010induced ACD in activated HSCs, whereas the p38\/JNK pathway is involved in apoptosis. This study provides evidence for ATG9b as a new target gene and propranolol as an agent to alleviate liver fibrosis by regulating ACD of activated HSCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T11:42:15Z","timestamp":1700134935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Upregulation of <scp>ATG9b<\/scp> by propranolol promotes autophagic cell death of hepatic stellate cells to improve liver fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sining","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Shandong Provincial 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