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None of these are cancer\u2010specific and are commonly accompanied by side effects, including urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Moreover, subsequent surgical treatments following biochemical recurrence after these interventions are either limited or affected by the scarring present in the surrounding tissue. Carnosine (\u03b2\u2010alanyl\u2010L\u2010histidine) is a histidine\u2010containing naturally occurring dipeptide which has been shown to have an anti\u2010tumorigenic role without any detrimental effect on healthy cells; however, its effect on prostate cancer cells has never been investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of carnosine on cell proliferation and metabolism in both a primary cultured androgen\u2010resistant human prostate cancer cell line, PC346Flu1 and murine TRAMP\u2010C1 cells. Our results show that carnosine has a significant dose\u2010dependent inhibitory effect in\u00a0vitro on the proliferation of both human (PC346Flu1) and murine (TRAMP\u2010C1) prostate cancer cells, which was confirmed in 3D\u2010models of the same cells. Carnosine was also shown to decrease adenosine triphosphate content and reactive species which might have been caused in part by the increase in SIRT3 also shown after carnosine treatment. These encouraging results support the need for further human in\u00a0vivo work to determine the potential use of carnosine, either alone or, most likely, as an adjunct therapy to surgical or other conventional treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T13:36:15Z","timestamp":1701264975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anticancer actions of carnosine in cellular models of prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Habra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-5955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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