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Standard chemotherapy regimens for CCA, gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GemCis) or its recently approved combination with durvalumab demonstrate dismal clinical activity, yielding a median survival of 12\u201314\u2009months. Increased serotonin accumulation and secretion have been implicated in the oncogenic activity of CCA. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of telotristat ethyl (TE), a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor blocking serotonin biosynthesis, in combination with standard chemotherapies in preclinical CCA models. Nab\u2010paclitaxel (NPT) significantly enhanced animal survival (60%), surpassing the marginal effects of TE (11%) or GemCis (9%) in peritoneal dissemination xenografts. Combining TE with GemCis (26%) or NPT (68%) further increased survival rates. In intrahepatic (iCCA), distal (dCCA) and perihilar (pCCA) subcutaneous xenografts, TE exhibited substantial tumour growth inhibition (41%\u201353%) compared to NPT (56%\u201369%) or GemCis (37%\u201358%). The combination of TE with chemotherapy demonstrated enhanced tumour growth inhibition in all three cell\u2010derived xenografts (67%\u201390%). PDX studies revealed TE's marked inhibition of tumour growth (40%\u201373%) compared to GemCis (80%\u201386%) or NPT (57%\u201376%). Again, combining TE with chemotherapy exhibited an additive effect. Tumour cell proliferation reduction aligned with tumour growth inhibition in all CDX and PDX tumours. Furthermore, TE treatment consistently decreased serotonin levels in all tumours under all therapeutic conditions. This investigation decisively demonstrated the antitumor efficacy of TE across a spectrum of CCA preclinical models, suggesting that combination therapies involving TE, particularly for patients exhibiting serotonin overexpression, hold the promise of improving clinical CCA therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T06:06:15Z","timestamp":1725343575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Telotristat ethyl, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, enhances antitumor efficacy of standard chemotherapy in preclinical cholangiocarcinoma models"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niranjan","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine  South Bend 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