{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T23:52:32Z","timestamp":1787701952273,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cellular Molecular Medi"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molecules of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) are key players in immune regulation; an increase in some TNFSF molecules has been reported during severe COVID\u201019. In this study, we profiled and evaluated TNFSF members in the serum of COVID\u201019 vaccine\u2010na\u00efve patients to identify potential biomarkers associated with disease severity. Our data show that TRAIL serum levels are lower in severely affected patients than those mildly affected by COVID\u201019 (AUC 0.8, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0003). On the contrary, OPG and BAFF serum levels are higher in severe COVID\u201019 compared to mild COVID\u201019 cases (AUC 0.8, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001; AUC 0.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0012; respectively) and moderate COVID\u201019 cases (OPG <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), BAFF (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). At the transcriptional level, TRAIL, OPG and BAFF are elevated in severe compared to mild COVID\u201019 cases, with OPG and BAFF also higher in moderate compared to mild COVID\u201019 patients. Additionally, we found that APRIL, LIGHT, CD30L and CD40L protein\u2010levels are higher in COVID\u201019 patients compared to healthy donors but not significantly different between various COVID\u201019 clinical statuses. Finally, we found that TNF\u2010\u03b1, TNF\u2010\u03b2, RANKL and TWEAK protein levels were not affected during COVID\u201019. Our work identifies OPG and BAFF as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for preventing severe COVID\u201019. Due to the opposite contradictory levels of TRAIL (protein\/transcriptional level), its role during COVID\u201019 should be elucidated and clarified with more in\u2010depth studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T11:04:22Z","timestamp":1738321462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["<scp>OPG<\/scp> and <scp>BAFF<\/scp> as predictive biomarkers of the severity of <scp>SARS<\/scp>\u2010<scp>CoV<\/scp>\u20102 infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Andy","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Pe\u00f1a\u2010Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit 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