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Opioid\u2010induced constipation (OIC) lacks effective drugs and management strategies. Opioids act on the enteric nervous system, intestinal barrier, intestinal immunity and intestinal microbiota, implying that OIC is a multifactorial process. This paper aims to examine the effects of opioids on the intestine, specifically the enteric nervous system, intestinal barrier and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), and elucidate the primary mechanisms underlying OIC development and deterioration. 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