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Advances in technology have significantly enhanced our understanding of gene\u2013gene interactions in cancer cells, enabling the identification of synthetic lethal targets and the development of drugs targeting these mechanisms. Following the extensive clinical application of PARP inhibitors\u2014the first synthetic lethal targeted drugs approved for clinical use\u2014emerging targets such as ATR, WEE1 and WRN have demonstrated promising clinical potential. This review examines the functions and molecular mechanisms underlying these targets and discusses recent advancements in the theory of synthetic lethality. 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