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Growing evidence indicates that AP\u20101 is involved in severe conditions like fibrosis, cancer, and organ damage, as well as inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and asthma. In recent years, AP\u20101 has become a significant focus in drug research. The activation of AP\u20101 by TNF is crucial for essential components of the inflammatory reaction, including the expression of tissue remodelling proteases such as collagenase, as well as pro\u2010inflammatory cell adhesion molecules like E\u2010selectin. This transcription factor is formed by the assembly of jun\u2010jun homodimers, jun\u2010fos heterodimers, and jun\u2010ATF (Activating Transcription Factor) heterodimers. As a member of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) class, AP\u20101 regulates target genes by binding to their promoters in a sequence\u2010specific way. New research suggests that reducing AP\u20101 function could improve various disease outcomes and treatments. Transfection of decoy oligonucleotides (ODNs) offers an innovative approach to gene therapy by targeting specific gene regulatory elements. Transcription factor decoys mimic the sites where transcription factors bind, competing with promoter regions within the cell nucleus. These molecules can regulate interactions between DNA sequences and transcription factors, which play a role in altering gene activation during both normal and disease\u2010related cellular processes. This review aims to summarize the effects of AP\u20101\u2010targeted decoys on various conditions. The studies demonstrated the great promising role of AP\u20101 decoys as therapeutics for various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Moreover, it was shown that modifications of AP\u20101 (circular and hairpin as well as phosphorothioate backbones structures) decoys made them more stable and effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.71178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:21:58Z","timestamp":1778646118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<scp>AP<\/scp>\n                    \u20101\u2010Targeting Decoy Oligonucleotides: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential as Modulators of Inflammatory Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Mahjoubin\u2010Tehran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasily N.","family":"Sukhorukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Jalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0890-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashant","family":"Kesharwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Next\u2010Generation Translational Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University)  Sagar Madhya Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sahebkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Centre for Research Impact &amp; Outcome, Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University  Rajpura Punjab India"},{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(97)80068-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00197-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050715"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.44.2.674-682.1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.9.2848"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/freae.2024.1465958"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204385"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373257a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3289117"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","first-page":"3149","article-title":"A Conserved Region Adjacent to the Basic Domain Is Required for Recognition of an Extended DNA Binding Site by Maf\/Nrl Family Proteins","volume":"9","author":"Kerppola T. 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