{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:29:55Z","timestamp":1786386595211,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cellular Molecular Medi"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The impact of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine on innate immunity is not well understood. However, it has played a pivotal role in reducing COVID\u201019 severity and mortality. Recent findings have revealed that vaccine efficacy is influenced not only by the effective activation of adaptive immunity, but also by the modulation of innate immunity. This cross\u2010sectional study evaluates the natural killer (NK) cell response and its relationship with type I interferon (IFN\u2010I) gene expression in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010infected patients who had previously received the anti\u2010spike vaccine, as well as in unvaccinated patients. Vaccinated individuals showed a higher frequency of NK CD56\n                    <jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD16\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells and increased IFN\u2010\u03b12 and IFN\u2010\u03c9 mRNA expression (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). By contrast, unvaccinated patients displayed a predominance of NK CD56\n                    <jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD16\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells and reduced IFN\u2010I gene expression (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). A positive correlation was found between IFN\u2010I levels and the frequency of NK CD56\n                    <jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD16\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells and a negative correlation between IFN\u2010I levels and NK CD56\n                    <jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD16\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells. Furthermore, despite having more comorbidities, vaccinated patients had faster SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 clearance, which reinforces the immunological advantage conferred by vaccination. Together, these findings suggest that the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine can modify the innate immune response by enhancing the NK cell response and increasing the magnitude of IFN\u2010I production during SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.71190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T11:41:14Z","timestamp":1779450074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Previous\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Vaccination Modulates Type I Interferon and Natural Killer Cell Responses During\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9670-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Maddaloni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Tirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facilities Istituto Superiore Di Sanit\u00e0  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginevra","family":"Bugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Santinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Fracella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Picozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facilities Istituto Superiore Di Sanit\u00e0  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio N.","family":"Cavallari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Laboratory Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio M.","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome  Rome 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