{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:47:15Z","timestamp":1791953235255,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cellular Molecular Medi"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe sensorimotor impairments and reduced quality of life. Physical rehabilitation has emerged as a key therapeutic strategy to improve function and mitigate complications such as muscle atrophy and joint contractures, partly through modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment. This study investigated the effects of a structured exercise protocol on inflammation, neuroplasticity and sensorimotor recovery following compressive SCI in mice. Female C57BL\/6 mice (8\u201312\u2009weeks) were subjected to extradural spinal cord compression and divided into three groups: SHAM (laminectomy only), SCI (injury without treatment) and TMT (injury plus treadmill training). The TMT protocol began 7\u2009days post\u2010injury and continued until 56\u2009days, with sessions performed three times per week. Functional assessments were conducted weekly, followed by electroneuromyography at 56\u2009days and biochemical and morphological analyses after euthanasia. The TMT group demonstrated significantly improved locomotor performance and nociceptive response compared to the SCI group. Electroneuromyography revealed higher compound muscle action potential amplitudes in TMT and SHAM groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Additionally, TMT reduced muscle atrophy (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and increased neuromuscular junction density. Bladder wall thickness in TMT animals resembled SHAM and differed from SCI (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), suggesting reduced inflammation. At the molecular level, TMT increased anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines and reduced pro\u2010inflammatory markers, alongside enhanced M2 microglial polarisation, decreased astrocyte reactivity and reduced apoptosis. Imaging analyses confirmed reduced lesion spread and fibrosis. These findings indicate that phase\u2010adjusted exercise promotes functional recovery, neuromuscular plasticity and tissue preservation after SCI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.71351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:11:37Z","timestamp":1791951097000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treadmill Exercise Can Modulate the Inflammatory Microenvironment and Promote Regeneration After Compressive Spinal Cord Injury in Female Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-5039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Caroline Rodrigues dos Santos","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9222-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Pereira","family":"Laurindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiza dos Santos","family":"Heringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-659X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Lecticia Martinez Martinez","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1369-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Sena","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nuclear Physics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4739-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Fidalgo Queiroz","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department State University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Campos","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Morphological Science Program Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1962-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgana Teixeira Lima Castelo","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Morphological Science Program Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Blanco","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7104-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suelen Adriani","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biology, Neurobiology Department Federal Fluminense University  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.522","article-title":"Epidemiology of Persistent Iatrogenic Spinal Cord Injuries in Western Norway","volume":"6","author":"\u00c6s\u00f8y M. S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"Degenerative and Spontaneous Regenerative Processes After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"23","author":"Hagg T.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12052","article-title":"Axon Regeneration and Exercise\u2010Dependent Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"1279","author":"Houle J. D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Spinal Cord: Repair and Rehabilitation","author":"Reier P. J.","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.24","article-title":"Chronic Complications of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Sezer N.","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Journal of Orthopedics"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20170048","article-title":"Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Current Concepts and Treatment Update","volume":"75","author":"Rouanet C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arquivos de Neuro\u2010Psiquiatria"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1084101","article-title":"Immune Response Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology and Therapies","volume":"13","author":"Sterner R. 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F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellular & Molecular Immunology"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202130","article-title":"Multimodal Cortical and Subcortical Exercise Compared With Treadmill Training for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Martinez S. 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R.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/2228-7477.199153","article-title":"Effect of Treadmill Training Protocols on Locomotion Recovery in Spinalized Rats","volume":"7","author":"Kobravi H. R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Signals and Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00259-6","article-title":"The Effect of Treadmill Gait Training on Low\u2010Frequency Depression of the Soleus H\u2010Reflex: Comparison of a Spinal Cord Injured Man to Normal Subjects","volume":"246","author":"Trimble M. 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Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02337-2","article-title":"Inflammation After Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of the Critical Timeline of Signaling Cues and Cellular Infiltration","volume":"18","author":"Hellenbrand D. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00098","article-title":"Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"10","author":"Anwar M. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201020243\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060853","article-title":"Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research\u2014Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Clifford T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.10.004","article-title":"Astrocyte Reactivity and Astrogliosis After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"126","author":"Okada S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Trauma: Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"97","author":"Eckert M. J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgical Clinics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.03.012","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infection Diagnostic and Management Considerations in People With Spinal Cord Injury and Neurogenic Bladder","volume":"38","author":"Fitzpatrick M. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"3881","article-title":"Hormonal Therapy in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"9","author":"Ludwig P. 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L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regeneration Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcmm.71351","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jcmm.71351","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcmm.71351","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:11:42Z","timestamp":1791951102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcmm.71351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcmm.71351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.71351","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1582-1838","1582-4934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1582-1838","type":"print"},{"value":"1582-4934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71351"}}