{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:24:32Z","timestamp":1792049072404,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]],"date-time":"2013-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clinic Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetes and periodontitis are complex chronic diseases with an established bidirectional relationship. There is long\u2010established evidence that hyperglycaemia in diabetes is associated with adverse periodontal outcomes. However, given the ubiquity of periodontal diseases and the emerging global diabetes epidemic, the complications of which contribute to significant morbidity and premature mortality, it is timely to review the role of periodontitis in diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report the epidemiological evidence from cross\u2010sectional, prospective and intervention studies for the impact of periodontal disease on diabetes incidence, control and complications and to identify potential underpinning mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Epidemiology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the last 20\u00a0years, consistent and robust evidence has emerged that severe periodontitis adversely affects glycaemic control in diabetes and glycaemia in non\u2010diabetes subjects. In diabetes patients, there is a direct and dose\u2010dependent relationship between periodontitis severity and diabetes complications. Emerging evidence supports an increased risk for diabetes onset in patients with severe periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Biological mechanisms<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 2 diabetes is preceded by systemic inflammation, leading to reduced pancreatic \u03b2\u2010cell function, apoptosis and insulin resistance. Increasing evidence supports elevated systemic inflammation (acute\u2010phase and oxidative stress biomarkers) resulting from the entry of periodontal organisms and their virulence factors into the circulation, providing biological plausibility for the effects of periodontitis on diabetes. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AGE<\/jats:styled-content> (Advanced Glycation Endproducts)\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAGE<\/jats:styled-content> (Receptor for AGEs) interactions and oxidative\u2010stress\u2010mediated pathways provide plausible mechanistic links in the diabetes to periodontitis direction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized controlled trials (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s) consistently demonstrate that mechanical periodontal therapy associates with approximately a 0.4% reduction in HbA1C at 3\u00a0months, a clinical impact equivalent to adding a second drug to a pharmacological regime for diabetes. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s are needed with larger numbers of subjects and longer term follow\u2010up, and if results are substantiated, adjunctive periodontal therapies subsequently need to be evaluated. There is no current evidence to support adjunctive use of antimicrobials for periodontal management of diabetes patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Guidelines<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the current evidence, it is timely to provide guidelines for periodontal care in diabetes patients for medical and dental professionals and recommendations for patients\/the public.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]],"date-time":"2013-04-30T12:21:38Z","timestamp":1367324498000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":296,"title":["Diabetes and periodontal diseases: consensus report of the Joint EFP\/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Iain L. C.","family":"Chapple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Research Group &amp; MRC Centre for Immune Regulation University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Genco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo Oral Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"working group 2 of the joint EFP\/AAP workshop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(2011)Fact Sheet No. 312. Diabetes [WWW document]. Available at:http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs312\/en\/[accessed on 23 August 2012]."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcpe.12077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcpe.12077","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpe.12077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T23:02:27Z","timestamp":1694473347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcpe.12077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcpe.12077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.12077","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-6979","1600-051X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-6979","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-051X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}}}