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The other three groups were used as negative controls. Ligatures were removed after 10\u00a0days of periodontitis induction and all groups were submitted to treatment with aspirin (Asp) (30\u00a0mg\/kg), clopidogrel (Clop) (75\u00a0mg\/kg) or NaCl 0.9% intra\u2010gastrically once daily for 3\u00a0days. Periodontal tissue was assessed by the measurement of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>12, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>4, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>5 and platelet\u2010derived growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDGF<\/jats:styled-content>) by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay; histomorphometrical analysis of polymorphonuclear (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMN<\/jats:styled-content>) infiltration, attachment loss, bone loss and osteoclast numbers and quantification of blood vessels by imunnohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During periodontal repair and treatment with NaCl 0.9%, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>5 was decreased and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>12 increased when compared with negative control groups. Asp and Clop did not affect <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>5 expression, decreased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>12 but only Clop decreased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>4 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDGF<\/jats:styled-content> content compared with saline\u2010treated animals. Clop increased blood vessel number, reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMN<\/jats:styled-content> count and decreased attachment and bone loss, also decreased osteoclast number in animals submitted or not to periodontal repair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systemic administration of Clop for 3\u00a0days improved the repair process associated with experimental periodontal disease, suggesting that it may have therapeutic value under situations where tissues undergo a transition from inflammation to repair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,21]],"date-time":"2013-11-21T12:35:06Z","timestamp":1385037306000},"page":"295-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clopidogrel enhances periodontal repair in rats through decreased inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Leila 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