{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:57:38Z","timestamp":1791914258334,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clinic Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gingival overgrowth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>) is an adverse drug reaction in patients using calcium channel blockers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s). Little is known about the effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s on the management of periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to assess how the use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s affects the long\u2010term supportive treatment and outcomes in patients undergoing periodontal therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All patients using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s during the initial treatment and\/or the supportive periodontal therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPT<\/jats:styled-content>) were selected from a periodontal practice. Patients were scored using a Gingival Overgrowth Index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GOI<\/jats:styled-content>). The effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content> types and dosages were assessed in terms of the frequency and the severity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>, treatment responses, substitutions and extra treatment costs. Mean values, Standard Deviation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>) and range were calculated. The Mann\u2013Whitney test was used to assess statistically significant differences (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content> between patients with good and poor oral hygiene, differences between before and after terminating or replacing the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s, possible differences between drug dosages (Dihydropyridine 5\u00a0mg and 10\u00a0mg) and differences between three drug combinations (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content> and inhibitors of the renin\u2013angiotensin system (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IRAS<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content> and non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IRAS<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> CCB<\/jats:styled-content> and statins).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and twenty\u2010four patients (58 females, 66 males, 4.6% of the patient population) were using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s. 103 patients were assessed. Average age was 66.53\u00a0years (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>. 9.89, range 42\u201388) and the observation time was 11.30\u00a0years (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> 8.06, range 1\u201327). Eighty\u2010nine patients had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>, 75 of these required treatment for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>. Terminating or replacing with alternatives to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s resulted in significant decreases in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.00016, <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.00068) respectively. No differences were found between good and poor oral hygiene (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.074), drug dosages or the various drug combinations. Surgical treatment was more effective than non\u2010surgical treatment in controlling the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>. Long\u2010term tooth loss was 0.11 teeth per patient per year. Forty\u2010two patients needed re\u2010treatments for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>, resulting in an extra life cost per patient of \u20ac13471 (discounted \u20ac4177).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of patients (86.4%) using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s experienced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>. 47.2% of these experienced recurrence(s) of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content> during the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPT<\/jats:styled-content> and needed re\u2010treatments with resulting added costs. The long\u2010term tooth loss was considerably higher for patients using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>s than for other patients groups from\u00a0the same practice setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T08:19:05Z","timestamp":1434356345000},"page":"640-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Management of periodontal disease in patients using calcium channel blockers \u2013 gingival overgrowth, prescribed medications, treatment responses and added treatment costs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Fardal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice Egersund Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Lygre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911043411907"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd1959.33.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1987.58.9.639"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2012.01878.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411103311907"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(90)90406-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Nifedipine\u2010induced gingival hyperplasia","volume":"7","author":"Burkes E. 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