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We assessed whether the C3 inhibitor Cp40 inhibits naturally occurring periodontitis in non\u2010human primates (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NHP<\/jats:styled-content>s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010human primates with chronic periodontitis were intra\u2010gingivally injected with Cp40 either once (5 animals) or three times (10 animals) weekly for 6\u00a0weeks followed by a 6\u2010week follow\u2010up period. Clinical periodontal examinations and collection of gingival crevicular fluid and biopsies of gingiva and bone were performed at baseline and during the study. A one\u2010way repeated\u2010measures <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc> was used for data analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whether administered once or three times weekly, Cp40 caused a significant reduction in clinical indices that measure periodontal inflammation (gingival index and bleeding on probing), tissue destruction (probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) or tooth mobility. These clinical changes were associated with significantly reduced levels of pro\u2010inflammatory mediators and decreased numbers of osteoclasts in bone biopsies. The protective effects of Cp40 persisted, albeit at reduced efficacy, for at least 6\u00a0weeks following drug discontinuation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cp40 inhibits pre\u2010existing chronic periodontal inflammation and osteoclastogenesis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NHP<\/jats:styled-content>s, suggesting a novel adjunctive anti\u2010inflammatory therapy for treating human periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T07:32:37Z","timestamp":1451979157000},"page":"238-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Inhibition of pre\u2010existing natural periodontitis in non\u2010human primates by a locally administered peptide inhibitor of complement C3"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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