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Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the role of autophagy in periodontal ligament stem cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s) and provide a new strategy for treatment or prevention of periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used immunohistochemistry to detect the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>3 expression in periodontal ligament (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDL<\/jats:styled-content>) tissues from patients with (n\u00a0=\u00a020) or without (n\u00a0=\u00a020) periodontitis. To further investigate the mechanism of autophagy, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s were divided into three groups: H\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s, P\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s and I\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s. The level of autophagy in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s was evaluated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qRT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and Western blot. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010positive points were assessed by immunofluorescence, and the autophagic vacuoles (AVs) were observed by transmission electron microscope.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a higher level of autophagy in gene expression and autophagosome production of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDL<\/jats:styled-content> tissues from periodontitis patients. Furthermore, there were higher protein levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>3, Beclin\u20101, Atg7 and Atg12 in P\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s and I\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s. We also detected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010positive points and AVs in P\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s and I\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s. The activation of autophagy may protect <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s from apoptosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate that the modulation of autophagy in P\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDLSC<\/jats:styled-content>s may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve periodontal therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T02:22:16Z","timestamp":1458354136000},"page":"618-625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Increased autophagy is required to protect periodontal ligament stem cells from apoptosis in inflammatory microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology Department of 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