{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:09:22Z","timestamp":1759939762428,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clinic Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antithrombotic drugs are known to increase the risk of gingival bleeding because they affect coagulation. However, other drugs could also be involved in gingival bleeding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a pharmacoepidemiological study to identify the drugs most frequently \u201csuspected\u201d in the occurrence of gingival bleeding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We selected reports of \u201cgingival bleeding\u201d from 1 January 1985 to 30 September 2014 in the French PharmacoVigilance Database.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 523,808 reports of adverse drug reactions, we identified 454 reports of gingival bleeding (0.09%). Most of them were \u201cserious\u201d (58.4%) and occurred in females (54.6%). The frequency of gingival bleeding increased with age. The most frequently \u201csuspected\u201d drugs were antithrombotics (67.8%), particularly fluindione. Other drugs frequently involved were furosemide followed by paracetamol, amiodarone, amoxicillin, paroxetine, ketoprofen, zolpidem, enalapril and ramipril. Thirty\u2010nine reports involved a drug\u2013drug interaction with antithrombotics, mainly with anti\u2010infectives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gingival bleeding can be an adverse drug reaction, often \u201cserious\u201d and rarely fatal. Patients older than 50\u00a0years and women are particularly at risk. Among drugs known to increase the risk of gingival bleeding, the most frequently involved were fluindione, furosemide, paracetamol, amiodarone, amoxicillin, paroxetine or ketoprofen. We also identified signal for drugs not usually known to be involved in bleeding, like zolpidem, enalapril or ramipril.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T12:34:40Z","timestamp":1498912480000},"page":"898-904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gingival bleeding, a possible \u201cserious\u201d adverse drug reaction: An observational study in the French PharmacoVigilance Database"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1212-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Bondon\u2010Guitton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Clinique Centre Midi\u2010Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es de Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaco\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et Informations sur le M\u00e9dicament, Pharmacop\u00f4le Midi\u2010Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es CHU Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de l'Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Mourgues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Clinique Centre Midi\u2010Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es de Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaco\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et Informations sur le M\u00e9dicament, Pharmacop\u00f4le Midi\u2010Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es CHU Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de l'Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Clinique Centre Midi\u2010Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es de Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaco\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et Informations sur le M\u00e9dicament, Pharmacop\u00f4le Midi\u2010Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es CHU Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de l'Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cousty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d'Odontologie et Traitement Dentaire CHU Facult\u00e9 de Chirurgie Dentaire de l'Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Cottin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre R\u00e9gional de Pharmacovigilance Hospices civils de Lyon  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Drablier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre R\u00e9gional de Pharmacovigilance CHRU d'Angers  Angers France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00eblle","family":"Micallef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pharmacologie Clinique and Pharmacovigilance Centre R\u00e9gional de Pharmacovigilance Marseille\u2010Provence\u2010Corse AP\u2010HM Institut de Neurosciences 7289 CNRS Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Louis","family":"Montastruc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Clinique Centre Midi\u2010Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es de Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaco\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et Informations sur le M\u00e9dicament, Pharmacop\u00f4le Midi\u2010Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es CHU Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de l'Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09r05786blu"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03360.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2014.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920020-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01737.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000200022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02799-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2016.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.1988.tb00712.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.1.109.31913"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"A clinically significant drug interaction between warfarin and amoxicillin resulting in persistent postoperative bleeding in a dental patient","volume":"61","author":"Goodchild J. 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