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However, it is clear that defining and grading a gingival inflammatory condition at a site level (i.e. a \u201cgingivitis site\u201d) is completely different from defining and grading a \u201cgingivitis case\u201d (GC) (i.e. a patient affected by gingivitis), and that a \u201cgingivitis site\u201d does not necessarily mean a \u201cGC\u201d. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the evidence on clinical, biochemical, microbiologic, genetic markers as well as symptoms associated with plaque\u2010induced gingivitis and to propose a set of criteria to define GC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>A universally accepted case definition for gingivitis would provide the necessary information to enable oral health professionals to assess the effectiveness of their prevention strategies and treatment regimens; help set priorities for therapeutic actions\/programs by health care providers; and undertake surveillance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on available methods to assess gingival inflammation, GC could be simply, objectively and accurately identified and graded using bleeding on probing score (BOP%)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A patient with intact periodontium would be diagnosed as a GC according to a BOP score \u2265 10%, further classified as localized (BOP score \u2265 10% and \u226430%) or generalized (BOP score\u00a0&gt;\u00a030%). The proposed classification may also apply to patients with a reduced periodontium, where a GC would characterize a patient with attachment loss and BOP score \u2265 10%, but without BOP in any site probing \u22654\u00a0mm in depth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T08:45:40Z","timestamp":1529570740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":309,"title":["Plaque\u2010induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Trombelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"},{"name":"Operative Unit of Dentistry University\u2010Hospital of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"},{"name":"Operative Unit of Dentistry University\u2010Hospital of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9verson O.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry State University of Maring\u00e1  Maring\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris N.","family":"Tatakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology College of Dentistry The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"S28","article-title":"Non\u2013plaque\u2010induced gingival diseases","volume":"45","author":"Holmstrup P","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2004.00478.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"851","article-title":"American Academy of Periodontology. 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