{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:28:37Z","timestamp":1762918117864,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clinic Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study investigated the effect of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) <jats:italic>Fok<\/jats:italic>I polymorphism and its interactions with smoking\/drinking on the proportions of periodontal pathogens and periodontitis severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Fok<\/jats:italic>I genotyping and bacterial quantification were performed using real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction. Periodontitis severity was determined using mean clinical attachment level (CAL). Regression analyses examined the associations between the <jats:italic>Fok<\/jats:italic>I polymorphism (rs2228570) and bacterial proportions or periodontitis severity. Effect modification by smoking or drinking was assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population comprised 1,460 individuals, aged 39\u201366\u00a0years. After multivariable adjustment, the <jats:italic>Fok<\/jats:italic>I risk genotypes (CC\u00a0+\u00a0CT) were associated with elevated <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> proportions (regression coefficient (\u03b2) =0.294\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.139; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.034) and increased mean CAL (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.130\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.048; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.007). The effect of the <jats:italic>Fok<\/jats:italic>I polymorphism on <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic> proportions was greater in smokers (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.897\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.328; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.006) compared to non\u2010smokers (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.164\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.153; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.282) and in drinkers (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.668\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.242; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.006) compared to non\u2010drinkers (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.114\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.169; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.500). The genotype*smoking interaction for <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic> proportions was significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.043), whereas the genotype*drinking interaction was not (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.061). Similar results were found for the effect of the genotype*smoking\/drinking interaction on mean CAL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that the interplay between the host genotype and smoking is important in determining the subgingival microbial composition and periodontitis severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T05:04:15Z","timestamp":1589691855000},"page":"912-920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Interplay between vitamin D receptor <i>Fok<\/i>I polymorphism and smoking influences <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/i> proportions in subgingival 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