{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:53:25Z","timestamp":1780332805963,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clinic Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to identify the risk factors for gingival invagination during orthodontic treatment after premolar extraction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The medical records of 135 patients who had undergone interdental space closure after premolar extraction were collected, and cone beam computed tomography was performed to determine the presence of gingival invagination. The risk factors were examined using mixed\u2010effects models and generalized propensity score weighting (GPSW) to develop a predictive model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Univariate analysis revealed that the extraction site, buccal bone thickness 4\u2009mm apical to the cemento\u2010enamel junction (MB1), mid\u2010root buccal bone thickness (MB2) and vertical skeletal relationships were related to gingival invagination (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Furthermore, a subsequent multivariable mixed\u2010effects model analysis indicated a significantly increased risk of gingival invagination at MB1\u2009&lt;\u20091\u2009mm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; odds ratio [OR<jats:sub>MB1\u22640.5mm<\/jats:sub>]\u2009=\u200929.304; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.986\u201393.807; OR<jats:sub>0.5&lt;MB1&lt;1mm<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200922.309; 95% CI: 9.890\u201350.320). Row mixing model analysis performed after balancing covariates using GPSW showed that MB1 and vertical skeletal relationships were associated with gingival invagination (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) with an increase in ORs. Therefore, in addition to MB1, the risk of gingival invagination is higher in hyperdivergent and normodivergent patients. During the establishment and internal validation of the predictive model, the area under the curve for all three models exceeded 0.7.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of gingival invagination is higher in patients with MB1\u2009&lt;\u20091\u2009mm and in normodivergent or hyperdivergent patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.14005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T05:55:55Z","timestamp":1716530155000},"page":"1199-1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk factors for gingival invagination: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University  Luzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. H.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University  Luzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University  Luzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center of Digital Dentistry, Faculty of Prosthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. P.","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University  Luzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University  Luzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5273-6543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"X. 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