{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:17:23Z","timestamp":1791487043311,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clinic Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the causal effects of smoking and cessation on tooth loss using instrumental variable (IV) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), conducted from 1995 to 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 in 50\u2009U.S. states and Washington DC, were merged with cigarette pack prices and smoking ban data from the CDC \u2018Tax Burden on Tobacco\u2019 and \u2018State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation\u2019 (STATE) System. Prices and bans served as IVs for ever smoking and cessation in a control function IV model for self\u2010reported edentulism and loss of 6+ teeth. IV models were adjusted for age, sex, race\/ethnicity, educational attainment, type 2 diabetes, state unemployment rates, state health expenditures, and state fixed effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ever smoking cigarettes increased the risk of edentulism by 2.6% (95% CI: 2.3%\u20132.8%) and the risk of loss of 6+ teeth by 10.7% (95% CI: 10.0%\u201311.3%). Smoking cessation reduced risks of edentulism and loss of 6+ teeth by 7.6% (95% CI: \u22127.8% to \u2212742%) and 13.5% (95% CI: \u221213.7% to 13.3%), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides robust evidence that smoking increases tooth loss risk, while cessation significantly reduces it, emphasizing the oral health benefits of tobacco control policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.14106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T03:57:06Z","timestamp":1734753426000},"page":"539-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Causal Effect of Smoking and Cessation on Tooth Loss"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9391-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian\u2010Edgar","family":"Baumeister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Services Research in Dentistry University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Listl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Global Health \u2013 Section for Oral Health Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birte","family":"Holtfreter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology University Medicine Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4288-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo G.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Dental Research Institute Singapore National Dental Centre Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Oral Health Academic Programme Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio R. M.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Dental Research Institute Singapore National Dental Centre Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Oral Health Academic Programme Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50123-5_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utab002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167\u20106296(02)00009\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"CDC.2024.\u201cNational Oral Health Surveillance System: Oral Health Indicators.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/oral\u2010health\u2010data\u2010systems\/about_oral_health_data\/national\u2010oral\u2010health\u2010surveillance\u2010system\u2010nohss.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2024.\u201cState Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/statesystem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.2020.\u201cHealth Expenditures by State of Residence 1991\u20132020.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cms.gov\/research\u2010statistics\u2010data\u2010and\u2010systems\/statistics\u2010trends\u2010and\u2010reports\/nationalhealthexpenddata\/downloads\/res\u2010tables.zip."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12395"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00036849200000118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010040218\u2010043816"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01978-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515598961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2021.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519875443"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181\u2010024\u201002562\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imbens G.2014.\u201cInstrumental Variables: An Econometrician's Perspective.\u201dNational Bureau of Economic Research. Advance online publication.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w19983.","DOI":"10.3386\/w19983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010statistics\u2010033121\u2010114601"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475\u20106773.2012.01380.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231187828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.121461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190221"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Public Health Surveillance for Behavioral Risk Factors in a Changing Environment. Recommendations From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Team","volume":"52","author":"Mokdad A. H.","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR. Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167\u20106296(90)90017\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.20.4.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100765.2006.00907.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"Orzechowski W. andR.Walker.2023.\u201cThe Tax Burden on Tobacco 1970\u20132019.\u201dhttps:\/\/data.cdc.gov\/Policy\/The\u2010Tax\u2010Burden\u2010on\u2010Tobacco\u20101970\u20102019\/7nwe\u20103aj9."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.qref.2005.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose E. K. andY.Shem\u2010Tov.2024.\u201cOn Recoding Ordered Treatments as Binary Indicators.\u201dThe Review of Economics and Statistics 1\u201332.","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903\u2010019\u20100930\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2007.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784\u2010023\u201005162\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u2010051X.2009.01511.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.2023.\u201cEmployment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population. Annual Averages 1976\u20132023.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.bls.gov\/lau\/staadata.zip."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","volume-title":"Global Strategy and Action Plan on Oral Health 2023\u20132030","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","volume-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"Wooldridge J. M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.420"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpe.14106","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jcpe.14106","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpe.14106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T01:12:23Z","timestamp":1769735543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcpe.14106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcpe.14106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.14106","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-6979","1600-051X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-6979","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-051X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}