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C57BL\/6J mice were used to establish a ligature\u2010induced periodontitis model. THP\u20101 cells were used in\u00a0vitro to explore the mechanism underlying serine\u2010mediated periodontitis. Micro\u2010computed tomography, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, western blotting, RNA sequencing and NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/NADH detection were performed to explore the role of serine in periodontitis and the underlying mechanism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Salivary serine concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with periodontitis and correlated with disease severity. In\u00a0vivo experiments showed that locally elevated serine concentrations exacerbated alveolar bone resorption in a mouse model of periodontitis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that serine stimulation activated inflammation\u2010related pathways, particularly the nicotinamide salvage pathway, which modulates NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      levels. Inhibition of intracellular serine transport using L\u2010phenylglycine (L\u2010phg) and mitochondrial complex I (MCI) activity using rotenone reduced inflammatory macrophage polarisation, decreased inflammatory markers and alleviated periodontal tissue damage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serine\u2010induced inflammatory macrophage polarisation, mediated through NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      signalling, plays a key role in periodontitis pathogenesis. Targeting serine transport and NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      metabolism may offer new therapeutic strategies for managing periodontitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T23:46:31Z","timestamp":1762127191000},"page":"596-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serine Promotes Inflammatory Macrophage Polarisation in\u00a0Periodontitis via\n                    <scp>NAD<\/scp>\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    Signalling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Lingli","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Department, Clinical College Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College  Chongqing China"},{"name":"College of Stomatology Chongqing Medical 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