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The secondary aims were to assess the clinical and immunological impact of probiotic consumption.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n Eighty adults with stage II or III periodontitis were enrolled and received NSPT at baseline, followed by a 12\u2010week consumption of probiotics or placebo. Microbial sampling and clinical examination were performed at baseline, Week 6 and Week 12. The subgingival microbiota was analysed using 16S sequencing, the salivary microbiota by metagenomic sequencing and selected cytokines and proteases in saliva by bead\u2010based immunoassay.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Sixty\u2010one participants completed the trial (probiotics\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200932, placebo\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200929). At Week 12,\n \n Treponema socranskii<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n \n Selenomonas sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n \n Dialister pneumosintes<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n \n Dialister invisus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n \n Anaeroglobus geminatus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n \n Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n were significantly associated with the placebo group, while\n \n Streptococcus sanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n \n Neisseria elongata<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n Neisseria oralis<\/jats:italic>\n were associated with the probiotic group. Bleeding on probing percentage (BoP%) and number of periodontal pockets (PPD) \u2265\u20095\u2009mm decreased significantly more in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The tested probiotic supplement resulted in an additional short\u2010term decrease in periodontitis\u2010associated species along with greater improvements in BoP% and PPD \u2265\u20095\u2009mm 12\u2009weeks post\u2010NSPT, compared to the placebo group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:07:14Z","timestamp":1777878434000},"page":"1016-1030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probiotics Augment the Effect of Non\u2010Surgical Periodontal Treatment\u2014A Randomised, Double\u2010Blinded, Placebo\u2010Controlled 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