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Saliva samples were analysed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing to evaluate microbial diversity, taxonomic composition and functional pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Beta diversity differed between periodontal health and the different disease states (Bray\u2013Curtis:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.049; Jaccard:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.043). Gingivitis with pockets and severe periodontitis showed a significant enrichment of disease\u2010associated species\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Treponema denticola<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Porphyromonas endodontalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Parvimonas micra<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Among non\u2010bacterial taxa,\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Moineauvirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pyricularia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Roseolovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were the predominant genera. A composite metagenomic classifier showed high discriminative performance for gingivitis with pockets (AUC\u2009=\u20090.90; 95% CI: 0.770\u20131.000) and severe periodontitis (AUC\u2009=\u20090.865; 95% CI: 0.762\u20130.968).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Salivary multi\u2010kingdom microbiome transitions closely reflect the progression of periodontal disease and provide promising biomarkers for identifying at\u2010risk individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.70184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T23:04:49Z","timestamp":1786316689000},"page":"1650-1662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shotgun Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Taxonomic and Functional Transitions in the Salivary Microbiome During Periodontal Disease Progression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7939-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Leskel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eija","family":"K\u00f6n\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry University of Turku  Turku 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